It's all based on what the plug supplies amps wise, rather than volts. It should say on it what amps it gives. If not it's watts / volts (12 or 240) = amps.
The USB charging system is a mess of different standards. The latest spec ones can set the voltage from 5v - 20v and can supply up to 5Amps.
Then there is the charging cables. I have a box of USB cables. Using the same phone and USB socket but only changing the cable I can double the rate of charge just by swapping a cable.
I prefer a slow charge overnight for my phone as it puts less stress on the battery and extends the lifespan.
This is a table covering the charging voltages/power. It is worth noting that the charge rate is affected by the device you are charging, the cable AND the socket you are plugging into.
USB - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org
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