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That's just an engineering safety factor. You can't model the exact maths for the interesting combination of scenarios that happen in real life. So you multiply with a safety factor. The higher the uncertainty, the higher the factor. 1.5 is pretty low compared to factors you'd design in a bridge.A bit like farmers , A good friend of mine used to build farm trailers , he would design and build to handle 15 ton , but sell them with a 10ton label , greatly reduced warranty calls !
Most bridges built before 1850's were designed for the heaviest cart pullable by a team of horses, so about 5t max.That's just an engineering safety factor. You can't model the exact maths for the interesting combination of scenarios that happen in real life. So you multiply with a safety factor. The higher the uncertainty, the higher the factor. 1.5 is pretty low compared to factors you'd design in a bridge.
They didn't really know what the load forces were through the structure, what the failure modes were, or how materials behaved under load. They just designed from experience of what didn't fail.Most bridges built before 1850's were designed for the heaviest cart pullable by a team of horses, so about 5t max.
Many of those bridges are still in daily use and dealing with 2 x 40T HGV's on the bridge at the same time, multiple times every day.
Says a lot about the original design factors!